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What follows is the forward to the print edition, available here.

English Interpretation of the Meaning of

Qur’an

The Final Revelation

www.finalrevelation.net

Houston, Texas

Interpretation of Meaning by: Abdul Hye, PhD

1^st Print: July / 2006

2^nd Print: December / 2006

3^rd Print: December / 2007

4^th Print: September / 2011

Printed in the United States of America

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2006906270

ISBN 9781477468098

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No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying and recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. No part of this book may be translated into any other language without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.

Qur’an

Introduction

The Qur’an is the final revelation for the Guidance of mankind from the same Almighty God who sent Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. This Qur’an is translated / interpreted word-for-word from Arabic to English in a simple way so that it can be understood easily by everyone. We used Allah (One and only like Him instead of God) throughout. Any word needed to clarify a meaning is added in parenthesis. All 25 names of the prophets mentioned in the Qur’an are listed as English names so the reader can find the same name mentioned in previously revealed scriptures. A Prophet tree is provided at the beginning with a list of places, nations, landmarks, etc. for each prophet as references. A map is provided to show the location of each of these places and nations. A brief list of the life events of Prophet Muhammad is given to understand the goals and objectives of his mission. Since he has been sent as the final Messenger for the entire universe until the Last Day of this world, all of his efforts focused on reaching out to all nations through delegations and letters towards peace for all mankind. He personally traveled many expeditions and wrote letters to different kings and rulers of different nations. Besides the Qur’an, all of his sayings with events (Hadith) narrated by his companions during his lifetime and afterwards were preserved and recorded in systematic order so a reader can find the detailed reference / reason in Hadith for any particular revelation in the Qur’an which was revealed during 23 years. Two copies of the originally compiled Qur’an are still preserved in Tashkent, Uzbekistan and Istanbul, Turkey. Today’s Arabic Qur’an is the same as the one originally compiled.

All this information will help the reader understand the continuation of the religion of Abraham through Moses, Jesus and finally through Muhammad, who has been sent with this Qur’an to deliver the final version of the religion of Allah to mankind, Islam.

Abdul Hye, PhD

finalrevelation.net

September 30, 2011

Table of Contents (page number refer to the printed edition only)

#	Chapter Name	Chapter Name Meaning	# Verses	Revealed @	Page #
1	Al-Fatihah	The Opening	7	Makkah	1
2	Al-Baqarah	The Cow	286	Madinah	1
3	Al-‘Imran	The family of Imran	200	Madinah	22
4	An-Nisa’	The Woman	176	Madinah	35
5	Al-Ma’idah	The Table Spread	120	Madinah	48
6	Al-An’am	The Cattle	165	Makkah	57
7	Al-A’raf	The Heights	206	Makkah	68
8	Al-Anfal	The Spoils of War	75	Madinah	81
9	At-Taubah	The Repentance	129	Madinah	85
10	Yunus	Jonah	109	Makkah	95
11	Hud	Hud	123	Makkah	102
12	Yusuf	Joseph	111	Madinah	109
13	Ar-Ra’d	The Thunder	43	Madinah	116
14	Ibrahim	Abraham	52	Makkah	119
15	Al-Hijr	The Rock Tract	99	Makkah	122
16	An-Nahl	The Bee	128	Makkah	125
17	Al-Isra’	The Night Journey	111	Makkah	132
18	Al-Kahf	The Cave	110	Makkah	139
19	Maryam	Mary	98	Makkah	145
20	Ta-Ha	Ta-Ha	135	Makkah	149
21	Al-Anbiya’	The Prophets	112	Makkah	154
22	Al-Hajj	The Pilgrimage	78	Madinah	160
23	Al-Muminun	The Believers	118	Makkah	165
24	An-Nur	The Light	64	Madinah	169
25	Al-Furqan	The Criterion	77	Makkah	174
26	Ash-Shuara’	The Poets	227	Makkah	177
27	An-Naml	The Ant	93	Makkah	183
28	Al-Qasas	The Narration	88	Makkah	188
29	Al-Ankabut	The Spider	69	Makkah	193
30	Ar-Rum	The Romans	60	Makkah	197
31	Luqman	Luqman	34	Makkah	200
32	As-Sajdah	The Prostration	30	Makkah	202
33	Al-Ahzab	The Confederates	73	Madinah	204
34	Saba’	Sheba	54	Makkah	209
35	Fatir	The Originator of Creation	45	Makkah	212
36	Ya-Seen	Ya-Seen	83	Makkah	215
37	As-Saffat	Those who set the Ranks	182	Makkah	218
38	Sad	Sad	88	Makkah	223
39	Az-Zumar	The Groups	75	Makkah	226
40	Ghafir	The Forgiver	85	Makkah	231
41	Fussilat	The Detailed Explanation	54	Makkah	235
42	Ash-Shura	The Consultation	53	Makkah	238
43	Az-Zukhruf	The Gold Adornments	89	Makkah	242
44	Ad-Dukhan	The Smoke	59	Makkah	246
45	Al-Jathiyah	The Kneeling	37	Makkah	247
46	Al-Ahqaf	The Curved Sand-Hills	35	Makkah	249
47	Muhammad	Muhammad	38	Madinah	252
48	Al-Fath	The Victory	29	Madinah	254
49	Al-Hujurat	The Private Apartments	18	Madinah	256
50	Qaf	Qaf	45	Makkah	258
51	Adh-Dhariyat	The Winds that Scatter	60	Makkah	259
52	At-Tur	The Mount Tur	49	Makkah	261
53	An-Najm	The Star	62	Makkah	263
54	Al-Qamar	The Moon	55	Makkah	265
55	Ar-Rahman	The Gracious	78	Madinah	267
56	Al-Waqi’ah	The Event	96	Makkah	268
57	Al-Hadid	The Iron	29	Madinah	271
58	Al-Mujadilah	The Woman who Disputes	22	Madinah	273
59	Al-Hashr	The Gathering	24	Madinah	275
60	Al-Mumtahanah	The Woman to be Examined	13	Madinah	276
61	As-Saff	The Rank	14	Madinah	278
62	Al-Jumu’ah	The Congregation	11	Madinah	279
63	Al-Munafiqun	The Hypocrites	11	Madinah	279
64	At-Taghabun	The Mutual Loss and Gain	18	Madinah	280
65	At-Talaq	The Divorce	12	Madinah	281
66	At-Tahrim	The Prohibition	12	Madinah	283
67	Al-Mulk	The Sovereignty	30	Makkah	284
68	Al-Qalam	The Pen	52	Makkah	285
69	Al-Haqqah	The Inevitable	52	Makkah	287
70	Al-Ma’arij	The Ways of Ascent	44	Makkah	288
71	Nuh	Noah	28	Makkah	289
72	Al-Jinn	The Jinn	28	Makkah	290
73	Al-Muzzammil	The one wrapped in Garments	20	Makkah	291
74	Al-Muddaththir	The one Enveloped	56	Makkah	292
75	Al-Qiyamah	The Resurrection	40	Makkah	294
76	Ad-Dahr	The Time	31	Madinah	295
77	Al-Mursalat	Those sent forth	50	Makkah	296
78	An-Naba’	The Great News	40	Makkah	297
79	An-Nazi’at	Those who Pull Out	46	Makkah	298
80	‘Abasa	He Frowned	42	Makkah	299
81	At-Takwir	The Overthroughing	29	Makkah	300
82	Al-Infitar	The Cleaving	19	Makkah	301
83	Al-Mutaffifin	Those who deal in Fraud	36	Makkah	301
84	Al-Inshiqaq	The Splitting Asunder	25	Makkah	302
85	Al-Buruj	The Big Stars 'Buruj'	22	Makkah	303
86	At-Tariq	The Night-Comer	17	Makkah	303
87	Al-A’la	The High	19	Makkah	304
88	Al-Ghashiyah	The Overwhelming	26	Makkah	304
89	Al-Fajr	The Dawn	30	Makkah	305
90	Al-Balad	The City	20	Makkah	306
91	Ash-Shams	The Sun	15	Makkah	306
92	Al-Lail	The Night	21	Makkah	306
93	Ad-Duha	The Forenoon	11	Makkah	307
94	Ash-Sharh	The Opening Forth	8	Makkah	307
95	At-Tin	The Fig	8	Makkah	307
96	Al-‘Alaq	The Clot	19	Makkah	308
97	Al-Qadr	The Night of Decree	5	Makkah	308
98	Al-Bayyinah	The Clear Evidence	8	Madinah	308
99	Az-Zalzalah	The Earthquake	8	Madinah	309
100	Al-‘Adiyat	Those that Run	11	Makkah	309
101	Al-Qari’ah	The Striking Hour	11	Makkah	309
102	At-Takathur	The Piling Up	8	Makkah	310
103	Al-‘Asr	The Time	3	Makkah	310
104	Al-Humazah	The Slanderer	9	Makkah	310
105	Al-Fil	The Elephant	5	Makkah	310
106	Quraish	Quraish	4	Makkah	310
107	Al-Ma’un	The Small Kindness	7	Makkah	310
108	Al-Kauther	A River in Paradise	3	Makkah	311
109	Al-Kafirun	The Disbelievers	6	Makkah	311
110	An-Nasr	The Help	3	Madinah	311
111	Al-Masad	The Palm Fiber	5	Makkah	311
112	Al-Ikhlas	The Purity	4	Makkah	311
113	Al-Falaq	The Daybreak	5	Makkah	311
114	An-Nas	The Mankind	6	Makkah	312
	Total		6,236

References ……………………………………………………………………. 312

#	Prophet	Places, Nations, Landmarks	Map Locations
1	Adam	Makka, Jeddah, India, Sri Lanka, Syria	1, 3, 75, 76, 74
2	Enoch(Idris)	Babylon, Hebron, Manf	64, 35, 30
3	Noah (Nuh)	People of Noah (Kufah), Mt. Judi	65, 72
4	Hud	Al-Ahqaf, People of ‘Ad	19, 21
5	Salih	Hadramawt, Madain Saleh, People of Thamud	24, 23, 22
6	Abraham *(Ibrahim)*	Ur, Babylon, Harran, Aleppo, Jerusalem, Hebron, Makkah, Al-Gizah	66, 64, 52, 57, 33, 35, 1, 31
7	Isaac (Ishaq)	Ur, Babylon, Urfa, Jerusalem, Hebron	66, 64, 67, 33, 35
8	Ishmael *(Ismail)*	Makkah, Mina, Muzdalefa, Arafat	1, 4, 5, 6
9	Lot (Lut)	Sodom & Gomorrah, Dead Sea, Sughar	54, 39, 55
10	Jacob *(Yaqub)*	Hebron, Jerusalem, Harran, Faddan, Manf, Heliopolis	35, 33, 52, 41, 30, 29
11	Joseph *(Yusuf)*	Jerusalem, Hebron, San Al-Hajar	33, 35, 32
12	Shuaib *(Shu’aib)*	Midian, Al-Aikah (Tabuk)	18, 16
13	Moses *(Musa)*	Manf, Midian, Al-Aqabah, Mt. Tur, Heliopolis, Red Sea, Sinai, Jordan River, Mt. Nibu	30, 18, 60, 17, 29, 47, 73, 51, 62
14	Aaron(Harun)	Sinai, Mt. Haur	73, 61
15	Elias (Ilyus)	Balabak, Jal'ad, B'ir Sheva, Sinai	45, 53, 42, 73
16	Elisha *(Al-Yasa)*	Balabak, Jal'ad, B'ir Sheva, Sinai	45, 53, 42, 73
17	David *(Dawud)*	Ashdod, Bait Dajan, Ramlah, Abu Ghush, Jerusalem	48, 44, 37, 59, 33
18	Solomon *(Solaiman)*	Jerusalem, Ashdod, Asqalan (Valley of Ants), Marib (Yemen), Queen Bilqis	33, 48, 49, 26, 27
19	Job (Ayub)	Bathaniyyah, Damascus, Adoum	46, 38, 58
20	Isaiah *(Dhul-Kifl)*	Mt. Qasiyun (Damascus)	56
21	Jonah (Yunus)	Jaffa, Aleppo, Nasibain, Minawa (Mosul)	50, 57, 63, 68
22	Zachariah *(Zakariyya)*	Jerusalem, Aleppo	33, 57
23	John(Yahya)	Jerusalem, Damascus	33, 38
24	Jesus (’Isa)	Bethlehem, Nazareth, Gaza, Farma, Heliopolis, Jordan River, Jerusalem	34, 36, 40, 43, 29, 51, 33
25	Muhammad	Makkah, Syria, Taif, Jerusalem, Al-Aqabah, Madinah, Badr, Uhud, Hudaibiyah, Khaibar, Hunayun, Tabuk, Mina, Muzdalefa, Arafat	1, 74, 11, 33, 60, 2, 9, 8, 10, 13, 12, 15, 4, 5, 6

Place	Location	Place	Location
Makkah	1	Hebron	35
Kabah	M1	Nazareth	36
Station of Abraham	M2	Ramlah	37
ZamZam	M3	Damascus	38
Safa	M4	Dead Sea	39
Marwa	M5	Gaza	40
Cave Hira	M6	Faddan	41
Madinah	2	B'ir Sheva	42
Jeddah	3	Farma	43
Mina	4	Bait Dajan	44
Muzdalefa	5	Balabak	45
Arafat	6	Bathaniyyah	46
Mt. Thawr	7	Red Sea	47
Uhud	8	Ashdod	48
Badr	9	Asqalan (Valley of Ants)	49
Hudaibiyah	10	Jaffa	50
Taif	11	Jordan River	51
Hunayan	12	Harran	52
Khaibar	13	Jal'ad	53
Mutah	14	Sodom and Gomorrah	54
Tabuk	15	Sughar	55
Al-Aikah (Tabuk)	16	Mt. Qasiyun (Damascus)	56
Mt. Tur	17	Aleppo	57
Midian	18	Adoum	58
Al-Ahqaf	19	Abu Ghush	59
Najran	20	Al-Aqabah	60
People of Ad	21	Mt. Haur	61
People of Thamud	22	Mt. Nibu	62
Madain Saleh	23	Nasibain	63
Hadramawt	24	Babylon	64
Sana	25	People of Noah (Kufah)	65
Marib (Yemen)	26	Ur	66
Queen Bilqis	27	Urfa	67
Cairo	28	Minawa (Mosul)	68
Heliopolis	29	Antakiya	69
Manf (Egypt)	30	Istanbul	70
Al-Gizah	31	Tashkent	71
San Al-Hajar	32	Mt. Judi	72
Jerusalem	33	Sinai	73
Al-Aqsa Masjid	J1	Syria	74
Dome of the Rock	J2	India	75
Bethlehem	34	Sri Lanka	76

Life of Prophet Muhammad
	Year	Event *	Age
	570	Birth of Prophet Muhammad at Makkah (March / April). His father Abdullah died several months before he was born. He was raised by Halimah as wet-mother according to Makkah's tradition.	0
	576	Death of Aminah (Prophet's mother). Muhammad was taken care by his grandfather Abd Al-Muttalib.	6
	578	Death of Abd Al-Muttalib. Then Muhammad grew up under the protective care of his uncle Abu Talib.	8
	582	Journey to Syria with uncle Abu Talib.	12
	582-94	Worked as a shepherd for his uncle and later as a merchant. He lived a simple life. He was compassionate to the poor, widow, and orphans. He volunteered in many community activities. People of Makkah named him 'Al-Siddiq (the Truthful)' and 'Al-Ameen (the Trustworthy)' due to his honesty and good character. Acted as a business agent for Khadijah, a business woman of Makkah. Muhammad carried goods to the north and returned with a profit.	12-24
	595	Impressed by Muhammad's honesty and character, Khadijah (who was a widow) proposed for marriage and eventually they got married. He was 25, she was 40.	25
	609	Kabah was rebuilt by the people of Quraish. Muhammad helped to resolve disputes between the tribes.	39
	610	First revelation came (August) to Muhammad at Cave Hira with a message (verses 96:1-5) from Allah by the Angel Gabriel.	40
	610-13	Received several verses during this period and later they were compiled to become part of the Qur'an. He was belittled, ridiculed, then persecuted and physically attacked by the people of Makkah for his message of 'Oneness' of Allah, departing from the traditional tribal ways, including idol worshipping at the Kabah.	40-43
	615	Muslims emigrated to Abyssinia to avoid sufferings / persecution from the people of Makkah. The king Negus offered asylum.	45
	617-20	Embargo and boycott of Prophet's family by the people of Quraish.	47-50
	620	Death of Abu Talib, Prophet's uncle. Death of Khadijah, Prophet's wife. The Quraish tried to assassinate him. Journey to Taif. Talked with the community leaders and people to convey his message. They rejected and stoned him to injury.	50
	621	Ascension of Prophet Muhammad on the night of Meraj with angel Gabriel. The journey took him from Makkah to Jerusalem and then through the 7 heavens. Allah showed him all the activities, features of heaven and hell. He was then returned to Makkah with full knowledge, so he was able to describe everything. First Pledge of Al-Aqabah (between the prophet and 12 people from Madinah). They swore allegiance to him.	51
	622	Second Pledge of Al-Aqabah (between the prophet and 75 people from Madinah). They swore to defend him. Emigration to Madinah (July). Established Quba Masjid as the first Masjid of Islam. Treaty with Jews and non-Muslims in Madinah with equal rights of citizenship and full religious liberty. Expedition of Hamza (December).	52
	623	Expedition of Ubaidah (February); Al-Kharrar Expedition (March); Marriage to Aisha (April); Al-Abwa' Expedition (June); Buwat Expedition (July); Safawan Expedition (First Badr) (July); Ushairah Expedition (October).	53
	624	Change of Qiblah from Jerusalem to Makkah (January) when he received the commandment of Allah while he was praying at the Masjid known as the Masjid Al-Qiblatain. Batn Nakhlah Expedition (January); Badr Expedition (March). Salim bin Umair Expedition (April); Banu Qainuqa' Expedition (April); Marriage of Prophet's daughter Fatimah to Ali (June); Sawiq Expedition (June); Bani Sulaim (Al-Kudr) Expedition (July); An-Nadir Expedition (September); Dhi Amar Expedition (September); Buhran Expedition (November); Al-Qaradah Expedition (December)	54
	625	Uhud Expedition (March); Hamra' Al-Asad Expedition (April)	55
	626	Abu Salamah Expedition (July); Abdullah bin Unais Expedition (July); Dhatur-Riqa' Expedition (July); Al-Mundhir bin Amr (August); Raji Expedition (August); Daumatul-Jandal Expedition (August); Banu An-Nadir Expedition (September).	56
	627	Banu Mustaliq Expedition (January); Ahzab Expedition (Trench around Madinah to defend the city) (February - March); Banu Quraizah Expedition (April); Second Badr Expedition (May); Al-Qurata Expedition (June); Banu Lihyan Expedition (August); Dhu Qarad Expedition (August); Ghamr Expedition (August); Dhul-Qassah Expedition (September); Dhul Qassah (Abu Ubaidah) Expedition (September); Zaid bin Harith 5 Expeditions (August / 627 - February / 628).	57
	628	Daumatul-Jandal (Abdul Rahman bin Awf) Expedition (January); Fadak Expedition (January); Khaibar: (Abdullah bin Atik) Expedition (February), (Abdullah bin Rawaha) Expedition (March); 'Urainah Expedition (March); Ad-Damri Expedition; Treaty of Hudaibiyah between the Quraish of Makkah and Muslims (April). The Prophet Muhammad and Muslims returned to Madinah without Umrah as a part of the treaty with a provision to return to Makkah next year for Umrah. Makkans breached the treaty a year later. Invitation letters to Kings and world leaders (April - May) of Abyssinia, Bahrain, Persia, Jerusalem (Roman King), Alexandria, Oman, Yamamah, Damascus. See attached map later. Khaibar Expedition (May - June).	58
	629	Turabah (Umar bin Khattab) Expedition (January); Najd Expedition (Abu Bakr) (January); Fadak Expedition (Bashir bin Sa'd) (January); Mayf'ah Expedition (January); Yamn and Jabar Expedition (January). Performance of missed Umrah (Umratul-Qada') (April). Banu Sulaim Expedition (May); Kadid and Fadak Expedition (July); Al-Asadi Expedition (August); Dhat Atla Expedition (August); Mutah Expedition (October); Dhatus-Salasil Expedition (November); Al-Khabt Expedition (December)	59
	630	Abu Qatadah Expedition (January); Victory of Makkah (January); The Prophet entered Makkah with 10,000 Muslims without any bloodshed. The Makkans joined the Muslims after they saw no revenge or retaliation rather he announced general amnesty to all the enemies and treated the citizens of the city with generosity. Nakhlah (Khalid bin Al-Walid) Expedition (January); Suwa-Banu Hudhail (Amr bin Al-'Aas) Expedition (January); Al-Mushallal (Sa'd bin Zaid) Expedition (January); Banu Jadhimah (Khalid bin Al-Walid) Expedition (February). Hunain Expedition (February); At-Taif Expedition (February). Birth of Ibrahim (Prophet's son) (March); Banu Tamim Expedition (May); Tabalah Expedition (June); Dahhak Al-Kilabi Expedition (July); Jeddah Expedition (August); Ali bin Abi Talib (August); Al-Asadi Expedition (August). Death of Negus, King of Abyssinia (October). Tabuk Expedition (October - December).	60
	631	Death of Ibrahim (Prophet's son) (January). Hajj Pilgrimage led by Abu Bakr (March). Najran Expedition by Khalid (July).	61
	632	Yemen Expedition by Ali (January); Last Revelation (February - March). Farewell Pilgrimage to Makkah and thousands of Muslims joined (February - March). Last Sermon at Arafat (March); Usamah Expedition (June).	62
	632	Death of Prophet Muhammad (June). He was buried in the Masjid in Madinah. During the last 10 years of his life, he Ø destroyed idolatry in Arabia; Ø raised the status of women to legal equality with men; Ø stopped drunkenness and immorality in the society; Ø made people live with faith, sincerity and honesty; transformed the nation from the ignorance of darkness into fully knowledgeable societies. Ø His mission transformed a society from all forms of injustice into universal human brotherhood as servants of Allah. Within 100 years, Islam and his way of life had spread from the remote corners of Arabia to as far east as Indo-China and as far west as Morocco, France, and Spain. He is the LAST messenger for the entire world from the SAME Allah of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. The Qur'an is the FINAL REVELATION.	62+

* Prophet Muhammad participated in expeditions in Bold.

The Last Sermon of the Prophet Muhammad

(This Sermon was delivered at Arafat in March, 632 CE)

After praising and thanking Allah, he said:

O People, lend me an attentive ear, for I know not whether after this year, I shall ever be amongst you again. Therefore listen to what I am saying to you very carefully and take these words to those who could not be present here today.

O People, just as you regard this month, this day, and this city as sacred; so regard the life and property of every Muslim as a sacred trust. Return the goods entrusted to you to their rightful owners. Hurt no one so that no one may hurt you. Remember that you will indeed meet your Lord, and He will indeed reckon your deeds. Allah has forbidden you to take usury (interest); therefore all interest obligations shall henceforth be waived. Your capital, however, is yours to keep. You will neither inflict nor suffer inequity. Allah has judged that there shall be no interest and that all the interest due to Abbas ibn 'Abd'al Muttalib shall henceforth be waived. Every right arising out of homicide in pre-Islamic days is henceforth waived and the first such right that I waive is that arising from the murder of Rabiah ibn al Harith.

O People, the unbelievers indulge in tampering with the calendar in order to make permissible that which Allah forbade, and to forbid that which Allah has made permissible. With Allah, the months are 12 in number. 4 of them are holy, 3 of these are successive and one occurs singly between the months of Jumada and Sha’ban. Beware of Satan, for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope that he will ever be able to lead you astray in big things, so beware of following him in small things.

O People, it is true that you have certain rights with regard to your women, but they also have rights over you. Remember that you have taken them as your wives only under Allah's trust and with His permission. If they abide by your right then they have the right to be fed and clothed in kindness. Do treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers. And it is your right that they do not make friends with any one of whom you do not approve, as well as never to be unchaste.

O People, listen to me in earnest, worship Allah, say your five daily prayers (Salah), fast during the month of Ramadan, and give your wealth in Zakat. Perform Hajj if you can afford it. You know that every Muslim is the brother of another Muslim. You are all equal. Nobody has superiority over another except by piety and good action. Remember, one day you will appear before Allah and answer for your deeds. So beware, do not astray from the path of righteousness after I am gone.

O People, no prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born. Reason well, therefore, O People, and understand my words which I convey to you. I leave behind me two things, the Qur’an and my example, the Sunnah and if you follow these you will never go astray.

All those who listen to me shall pass on my words to others and those to others again; and may the last ones understand my words better than those who listen to me directly. Be my witness O Allah that I have conveyed Your message to Your people.

The History of Compilation of the Qur'an**

During the life of the Prophet Muhammad (570 - 632 CE)

The Prophet used to recite the Qur'an before angel Gabriel once every Ramadan, and he recited it twice (in the same order as we have today) in the last Ramadan before his death.
Each verse received was recited by the Prophet, and its location relative to other verses and chapters was identified by him.
The verses were written by scribes, selected by the Prophet, on any suitable object - the leaves of trees, pieces of wood, parchment or leather, flat stones, and shoulder blades. Scribes included Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Mu'awiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan, Ubey Ibn Ka'ab, and Zayed Ibn Thabit. Some of the companions wrote the Qur'an for their own use. Several hundred companions memorized the Qur'an by heart.

During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr (632 - 634 CE)

Umar Ibn Al-Khattab urged Abu Bakr to preserve and compile the Qur'an. This was prompted after the battle of Yamamah, where heavy casualties were suffered among those who memorized the Qur'an.
Abu Bakr entrusted Zayed with the task of collecting the Qur'an. Zayed had been present during the last recitation of the Qur'an by the Prophet to Angel Gabriel.
Zayed, with the help of the companions who memorized and wrote verses of the Qur'an, accomplished the task and handed Abu Bakr the first authenticated copy of the Qur'an. The copy was kept in the residence of Hafsah, daughter of Umar and wife of the Prophet.

During the Caliphate of Uthman (644 - 656 CE)

Uthman ordered Zayed Ibn Thabit, Abdullah Ibn Al Zubayr, Saeed Ibn Al-Aas, and Abdur-Rahman Ibn Harith to make perfect copies of the authenticated copy kept with Hafsa due to the rapid expansion of the Islamic state and concern about differences in recitation.
Copies were sent to various places in the Muslim world. The original copy was returned to Hafsa, and a copy was kept in Madinah.

Three stages of dotting and diacritization

Dots were put as syntactical marks by Abu Al-Aswad Al Doaly, during the time of Mu'awiya Ibn Abi Sufian (661-680 CE).
The letters were marked with different dotting by Nasr Ibn Asem and Hayy ibn Ya'mor, during the time of Abd Al-Malek Ibn Marawan (685-705 CE).
A complete system of diacritical marks (damma, fataha, kasra) was invented by Al Khaleel Ibn Ahmad Al Faraheedy (d. 786 CE).

**University of Southern California - MSA

Original copies of the Qur’an still exist: (1) Tashkent, Uzbekistan, (2) Istanbul, Turkey.

4 Caliphs after the Prophet Muhammad
Name	Period	Years
Abu Bakr Siddique	632 - 634 CE	2
Omar Ibn Khattab	634 - 644 CE	10
Uthman Ibn Affan	644 - 656 CE	12
Ali ibn Abi Talib	656 - 661 CE	5

Abdul Hye translation: Qur`an - the Final Revelation